Answer:
it speed is 264 kinetic energy
An object has temperature of 2310° C. Calculate the wavelength this object emits the most. Give the answer in micrometers with two
significant figures.
The wavelength at which the object emits the most radiation is 1.12 micrometers.
How do we perform the calculation?We use Wien's displacement law in order to find the wavelength at which the object emits the maximum radiation.
The temperature of the item has an inverse relationship with the peak wavelength of the radiation it emits according to Wien's displacement law,
The formula of Wien's displacement law, is given as
λ_max = b/T
where λ_max =e peak wavelength of emitted radiation,
T = temperature of the object in Kelvin, and
b = Wien's displacement constant 2.898 × 10^-3 mK.
T = 2310°C + 273.15 = 2583.15 K
λ_max = (2.898 × 10^-3 mK) / 2583.15 K
λ_max = 1.12 × 10^-6 m = 1.12 μm
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A certain compact disc (CD) contains 783.216 megabytes of digital information. Each byte consists of exactly 8 bits. When played, a CD player reads the CD's information at a constant rate of 1.5 megabits per second. How many minutes does it take the player to read the entire CD? Express your answer using two significant figures
Answer:
69.62 minutes
Explanation:
From the information we have here,
1 byte is = 8 bits
So 1 megabyte = 8 megabits
Then
783.216 x 8 megabits = 6265.728 megabits
This player has its reading capacity at 1.5 megabits / second
So 1 minute = 60x1.5
= 90 megabits / min
Then we have the entire reading time of this CD player to be =
6265.728/90
= 69.62 minutes.
This answers the question
what is the force of gravitational attraction between a 92 kg student and a 550 g slice of pizza that are 25 cm apart
Answer:
\(F = 5.4*10^{-8}\ N\)
Explanation:
Given
Represent the mass of the student with M and the mass of the slice of pizza with m
\(M = 92kg\)
\(m = 550g\)
\(d = 25cm\)
Required
Determine the force of attraction
This is calculated as:
\(F = \frac{GMm}{d^2}\)
Where G = gravitational constant
\(G = 6.67408 * 10^{-11}\ m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2}\)
Convert both mass to kilogram and distance to metre
\(m = 550g\)
\(m = 550kg/1000\)
\(m = 0.55kg\)
\(d = 25cm\)
\(d = 25m/100\)
\(d = 0.25m\)
Substitute these values in \(F = \frac{GMm}{d^2}\)
\(F = \frac{6.67408 * 10^{-11} * 92 * 0.55}{0.25^2}\)
\(F = \frac{6.67408 * 92 * 0.55* 10^{-11} }{0.25^2}\)
\(F = \frac{337.708448* 10^{-11} }{0.0625}\)
\(F = 5403.335168* 10^{-11}\)
\(F = 5.403335168* 10^3*10^{-11}\)
\(F = 5.403335168*10^{3-11}\)
\(F = 5.403335168*10^{-8}\)
\(F = 5.4*10^{-8}\ N\)
Outer planets orbit the Sun
inner planets. *
*
At the same speed
More smoothly than
Slower than
Faster than
Answer:
faster than
Explanation:
because the sun gave it nutrients
What particles are considered to be the basic building blocks of elements?
Answer:
Atoms.
Explanation:
The fundamental structure obstructs that make matter are called molecules. What are the various particles found in iotas? (Reply: electrons, protons and neutrons) Where are they found? (Reply: Protons and neutrons are found in the core, and electrons are found in shells around the outside of the core.)
Really hope this helps! :D
Explanation:
The basic components of matter are called atoms. What are the various particles present in an atom?
(Answer: electrons, protons, neutrons) Where are they? (Answer: Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, and electrons are in the shell around the nucleus.)
What three factors determine the amount of potential energy in a object are ______,______,and ______.
Answer:
It should be Mass, Gravity and Height
Explanation:
A car travels up a hill at a constant speed of 35 km/h and returns down the hill at a constant speed of 69 km/h. Calculate the average
speed for the round trip.
(PLEASE GIVE BRIANLIEST)
The average speed is not equal to the sum of the speeds divided by 2 because the car takes different times to cover the distance while going up and coming down the hill.
The average speed can be calculated as the total distance covered divided by the total time taken. As the speeds are constant, we can use the formula:
distance = speed * time
Let the distance traveled be "d". The time taken to go up the hill is "t1" and the time taken to come down is "t2".
d = 35 * t1 = 69 * t2
The total time taken for the round trip is t1 + t2.
The average speed is given by:
average speed = d / (t1 + t2) = d / (d/35 + d/69)
So the average speed can be calculated as follows:
average speed = d / (d/35 + d/69) = d * (35 + 69) / (35 * 69) = 104 / 2445 = 8 / 205 km/h
How does nuclear power works
Answer:Nuclear power works by using the energy released from a controlled nuclear reaction to generate heat, which then drives turbines to generate electricity. This process is known as nuclear fission.In a nuclear power plant, uranium atoms are split through a process called fission, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat. This heat is then used to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity.The nuclear fission reaction is controlled by using materials that absorb or slow down the neutrons produced in the reaction, known as control rods. By adjusting the position of these control rods, the reaction can be slowed down or stopped as needed.Nuclear power plants also produce radioactive waste, which requires careful handling and disposal to prevent harm to humans and the environment.
Explanation:
Answer:
plants heat water to produce steam
Explanation:
the reason why it is harmful humans because it makes pollution so it drains the air population so humans can die faster
What is the economic term for the act of sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another?
Answer:
Trade-off. sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another.a) A bomb, initially at rest, explodes into several pieces. (a) Islinear momentum of the system conserved? (b) Is kinetic energy of the system conserved? Explain
(a) The linear momentum of the system is conserved due to the absence of external forces. (b) The kinetic energy of the system is generally not conserved in an explosion due to energy transfers and losses associated with the process.
(a) According to the principle of conservation of momentum, the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no external forces act upon it. In the given scenario, the bomb is initially at rest, which means the total momentum of the system is zero before the explosion. After the explosion, the bomb fragments move in different directions, but their individual momenta add up to zero. Thus, the total momentum of the system remains conserved.
(b) In an explosion, a significant amount of potential energy stored in the bomb is rapidly converted into kinetic energy of the fragments. As the bomb explodes, the fragments gain kinetic energy, resulting in an increase in the total kinetic energy of the system. Additionally, the explosion may cause the fragments to collide with other objects or experience air resistance, leading to energy losses in the form of heat, sound, or work done against external forces. These energy losses further prevent the conservation of kinetic energy.
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The driver of a car slams on the brakes, causing the car to slow down at a rate of 17.0ft/s2 as the car skids 172ft to a stop
How long does the car take to stop?
What was the car's initial speed?
The time taken for the car to stop is 4.5 seconds and the initial speed of the car is 76.47 ft/s.
Initial speed of the carThe initial speed of the car is calculated as follows;
v² = u² + 2as
where;
v is the final velocity, when the car stops, v = 0u is the initial velocitya is the accelerations is the distance traveled0 = u² + 2as
0 = u² + 2(-17)(172)
0 = u² - 5858
u² = 5848
u = 76.47 ft/s
Time of motion of the carv = u + at
0 = 76.47 - 17t
17t = 76.47
t = 4.5 seconds
Thus, the time taken for the car to stop is 4.5 seconds and the initial speed of the car is 76.47 ft/s.
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the total amount of work that must be done to compress the string against the restoring force represents the
Answer:
Potential energy.When string is stretched x is -ve and during compression x=+ve. In either cases, work will be done by spring to restore itself to the original shape. Hence, this Potential Energy is the work done against its restoring force.Q1: A person uses a screwdriver to turn a screw and insert it into a piece of wood. The person applies a force of 20 newtons to the screwdriver and turns the handle of the screwdriver a total distance of 0.5 meter. How would these numbers be different if the person inserted a nail with a hammer instead of the screw with the screwdriver?
A: The force applied would be the same, but the distance would be shorter.
B: The force applied would be greater, but the distance would be shorter.
C: The force applied would be less, but the distance would be greater.
D: The force applied would be the same, but the distance would be greater.
------------------------------------
Q2: What are people trying to increase when using simple machines?
A: applied mechanical force
B: the distance over which a force is applied
C: the energy needed to complete a task
D: mechanical advantage
------------------------------------
Q3: What do a Class 1 lever and a Class 2 lever have in common?
Both levers place the fulcrum in between the applied force and the object being lifted.
A:Both levers place the fulcrum in between the applied force and the object being lifted.
B:Both levers have an output force in the same direction as the input force.
C:Both levers would lift an object on the same side of the fulcrum as the applied force.
D: Both levers result in a larger output force from a smaller input force.
------------------------------------
What makes this lever effective?
A: The rock has more mass than the man.
B: The man has more mass than the rock.
C: The man is farther from the fulcrum than the rock is.
D: The man is closer to the fulcrum than the rock is.
------------------------------------
What is the efficiency of a machine that uses 102 kJ of energy to do 98 kJ of work?
96.1%
0.961%
104%
4%
------------------------------------
A pulley system is used to lift an object. Which factor could affect the efficiency of the system?
the friction of the individual pulleys
the mass of the person pulling
the mass of the object
the distance the weight is lifted
------------------------------------
Based on the mass and speed data, which object will have the greatest amount of kinetic energy?
10 kg moving at 2 m/s
5 kg moving at 2 m/s
10 kg moving at 5 m/s
2 kg moving at 2 m/s
------------------------------------
Which statement accurately explains why the kinetic energy of the first rider is greater?
The first rider is taller.
The first rider is in front.
The potential energy of the first rider is greater.
The first rider has more mass.
------------------------------------
Which two factors affect the kinetic energy of an object?
mass and speed
speed and weight
mass and height above the ground
weight and height above the ground
------------------------------------
A single billiard ball, traveling at 20 m/s, strikes a cluster of 15 balls on a billiard table. What can be said about the balls on the table after the collision?
None of the balls will have a velocity greater than 20 m/s.
The kinetic energy will be divided equally among the 15 balls.
Each ball will have a velocity equal to 20 m/s.
The kinetic energy of the 15 balls will be greater than the kinetic energy of one ball.
------------------------------------
Where do the forces that make atoms interact come from?
from the electric fields of charged subatomic particles
from the electric fields of neutral molecules
from the electric fields of neutral subatomic particles
from the electric fields of charged molecules
------------------------------------
Q1: A: The force applied would be the same, but the distance would be shorter.
Q2: D: mechanical advantage
Q3: A: Both levers place the fulcrum in between the applied force and the object being lifted.
Q4: C: The man is farther from the fulcrum than the rock is.
Q5: 96.1%
Q6: the friction of the individual pulleys
Q7: 10 kg moving at 5 m/s
Q8: The first rider has more mass.
Q9: mass and speed
Q10: The kinetic energy of the 15 balls will be greater than the kinetic energy of one ball.
Q11: from the electric fields of charged subatomic particles
A person pushes a box across a horizontal surface at a constant speed of 0.5 meter per second The box has
a mass of 40 kilograms, and the coefficient of sliding friction is 0.25. The power supplied to the box by the
person is
a. 0.2 W
c. 50 W
b. 5W
d. 100 W
Answer:
The correct option
(C) 50W
-
Hope it help's u :))!
state the formula to compute average speed acquired by a vehicle to cover a distance between two points.
ty! :)
Explain the working and principle of perisocope.
Answer:
a periscope use total internal reflection to allow us to see things
the reflection happens at 45°
Explanation:
A model plane has a mass of 0.75 kg and is flying 12 m above the ground
with a speed of 18 m/s. What is the total mechanical energy of the plane?
The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2.
Answer:
Option C. 210 J.
Explanation:
From the question given above, the following data were obtained:
Mass (m) = 0.75 Kg
Height (h) = 12 m
Velocity (v) = 18 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s²
Total Mechanical energy (ME) =?
Next, we shall determine the potential energy of the plane. This can be obtained as follow:
Mass (m) = 0.75 Kg
Height (h) = 12 m
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s²
Potential energy (PE) =?
PE = mgh
PE = 0.75 × 9.8 × 12
PE = 88.2 J
Next, we shall determine the kinetic energy of the plane. This can be obtained as follow:
Mass (m) = 0.75 Kg
Velocity (v) = 18 m/s
Kinetic energy (KE) =?
KE = ½mv²
KE = ½ × 0.75 × 18²
KE = ½ × 0.75 × 324
KE = 121.5 J
Finally, we shall determine the total mechanical energy of the plane. This can be obtained as follow:
Potential energy (PE) = 88.2 J
Kinetic energy (KE) = 121.5 J
Total Mechanical energy (ME) =?
ME = PE + KE
ME = 88.2 + 121.5
ME = 209.7 J
ME ≈ 210 J
Therefore, the total mechanical energy of the plane is 210 J.
if a thermometer indicates a temperature of 86F what's the equivalent temperature in Celsius scale
The equivalent temperature in Celsius scale is (86°F − 32) × 5/9 = 30°C
Take the °F temperature and subtract 32
Multiply this number by 5.
Divide this number by 9 to obtain your answer in °C.
The formula to convert °F to °C is:
T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32) × 5/9
converting 86 degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius:
T(°C) = (86°F - 32) × 5/9
T(°C) = 30 °C
(86°F − 32) × 5/9 = 30°C
When doing the temperature conversion, one quick way to make certain you did the conversion right is to remember Fahrenheit temperatures are higher than the corresponding Celsius scale until you get down to -40°, which is where the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales meet. Below this temperature, degrees Fahrenheit are lower than degrees Celsius.
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explain why the ray does not bend when it enters the semi circular glass block
The ray does not bend when it enters the semi circular glass block - Light ray incident on semicircular block at 90 degrees, therefore there is no change in the direction of ray at P.
Electromagnetic radiation that falls within the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can see is known as light or visible light.
Light is electromagnetic radiation that the human eye can perceive. From radio waves with wavelengths measured in meters to gamma rays with wavelengths shorter than around 1 1011 meters, electromagnetic radiation occurs throughout an incredibly broad range of wavelengths.
Light governs our sleep-wake cycle and is crucial to our health and wellbeing. In actuality, "light" that is visible is a type of radiation, which is just energy that moves in the form of electromagnetic waves. It can alternatively be explained as a flow of "wave-packets," or particles, known as photons.
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3) A 60. kg person is in an elevator. The elevator starts from rest and then accelerates upwards at 2.0 m/s^2 for 4.0 seconds. Calculate the work done by the normal force on the person. *
Answer is 1.1 x 10^4 J
Answer:
WD = 11328 J → 1.1 × 10⁴ (to 2 sig figs)
Explanation:
WD = work done (J)
F = force (N), i.e. the normal force on the person
W = weight (N)
s = displacement (m)
m = mass (kg) = 60
a = acceleration (m/s²) = 2
g = gravity (m/s²) = 9.8
t = time (s) = 4
u = initial velocity (m/s) = 0
The formulas or equations that are relevant ate:
WD = F × s
F = m × a
W = m × g → note: this is simply a variation of the formula F = ma
s = ut + ¹/₂.at²
We want to find WD, so we need to know the force and the displacement (or distance);
Firstly, we want to find the normal force on the person in the elevator;
The downwards force the person produces on the elevator is the weight of the person, which is:
W = 60 × g
W = 60 × 9.8
W = 588
We are told the elevator is accelerating upward, so we can construct an equation to find F with the formula F = ma:
F - W = 60 × 2
F - 588 = 120
F = 708
Note: illustrations may be helpful to understand this, as has been shown in the picture
We also need displacement, which we use the formula s = ut + ¹/₂at²:
s = 0(4) + ¹/₂(2)(4)²
s = 16 m
Now we have F and s, we can calculate WD:
WD = 708 × 16
WD = 11328 J → This can be rounded to 1.1 × 10⁴ to 2 significant figures
A soccer player kicks a ball, applying a force of 1,000 newtons over a distance of 0.2 meter. The ball travels 50 meters down the field before another player stops the ball. How much work was done during the kick?
The total work done on the ball by the soccer player is 50,200 J.
Work done by applied forceThe work done by the applied force is the product of the applied of the applied force and the displacement of the object.
The work on the ballThe work done on the ball is calculated as follows;
W = Fd
W = 1000 x (0.2 + 50)
W = 50,200 J
Thus, the total work done on the ball by the soccer player is 50,200 J.
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Question One
a. Why is it important to calibrate a measuring instrument regularly?
[1 marks]
b. An instrument with a standard signal of 4 mA - 20 mA is installed to measure the volume of
fluid in a cylindrical tank of height 40 m and a diameter of 6 m.
i.
If the sensor for the measurement of the volume should not have a direct contact with
the fluid, what type of sensor would you recommend to be installed?
[1 marks]
ii. Describe how you will calibrate the sensor to be able to measure the minimum and
maximum volume of fluid in the tank.
iii.
iv.
vi.
Attempt all questions.
vii.
[2 marks]
What is the maximum volume of the tank?
[2 marks]
What is the volume of the fluid in the tank if the output signal of the instrument is 14
[2 marks]
mA?
What will be the value of the output signal of the instrument if the volume of the fluid
in the tank is 65% of the maximum capacity of the tank?
[2 marks]
What will be the volume of the fluid if the sensor produces a signal of 17 mA? Express
it as a percentage.
[2 marks]
Comment on the instrument performance if a signal of 15.7 'mA is produced when the
volume of the fluid in tank is 75% of the maximum tank capacity. [2 marks]
type proximity
[1 marks]
c. Distinguish between a capacitive type proximity sensor and an inductive
switch.
a. It is important to calibrate a measuring instrument regularly for the following reasons:
Accuracy: Over time, measuring instruments can drift from their original calibration due to factors such as environmental conditions, wear, and tear, or component aging.
Compliance: In many industries, calibration is a requirement to comply with quality standards, regulations, and certifications.
Confidence: Calibration instills confidence in the measurement results obtained from the instrument.
b. i. If the sensor for measuring the volume of fluid should not have direct contact with the fluid, a suitable sensor would be a non-contact or remote-level sensor. Examples include ultrasonic sensors, radar sensors, or laser distance sensors. These sensors can measure the distance to the fluid surface without physically touching it.
ii. To calibrate the sensor to measure the minimum and maximum volume of fluid in the tank, the following steps can be taken:
Empty Tank Calibration: With the tank completely empty, the sensor should be calibrated to read the minimum volume of fluid, which is 0 m³, or any other reference point desired.
Full Tank Calibration: The tank should be filled to its maximum capacity. The sensor is then calibrated to read the maximum volume of fluid, which is the volume when the tank is at its full capacity.
iii. The maximum volume of the tank can be calculated using its dimensions. The formula for calculating the volume of a cylinder is:
Volume = π * (radius)² * height
Given the diameter (6 m), we can calculate the radius as 6 m / 2 = 3 m.
Maximum Volume = π * (3 m)² * 40 m
iv. The volume of the fluid in the tank can be determined using the linear relationship between the output signal of the instrument and the volume. Since the signal range is from 4 mA to 20 mA, and this range corresponds to the minimum and maximum volume of the tank, we can create a linear equation or calibration curve relating the output signal to the volume.
v. To calculate the volume of the fluid in the tank when the output signal is 14 mA, we use the calibration curve or linear equation obtained during calibration.
vi. To determine the output signal when the volume of the fluid in the tank is 65% of the maximum capacity, we use the calibration curve or linear equation obtained during calibration.
vii. To determine the volume of the fluid when the sensor produces a signal of 17 mA, we use the calibration curve or linear equation obtained during calibration and express the result as a percentage of the maximum capacity of the tank.
c. Distinguishing between a capacitive type proximity sensor and an inductive switch:
Capacitive Proximity Sensor: A capacitive proximity sensor uses changes in capacitance to detect the presence or absence of an object. It works based on the principle that the capacitance between the sensor and an object changes when the object enters the sensing range.
Inductive Switch: An inductive switch, also known as an inductive proximity sensor, operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
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When the material in the mantle cools off near the surface then sinks
down towards the core and get heated again and rises back towards the
surface it is called?
Condensation
О
The water cycle
O
Convection currents
О
Apples and Bananas.
PLEASE HELP THIS IS URGENT ITS FOR A TEST
Answer:
convection currents
Explanation:
Transfer of thermal energy between air molecules in closed room is an example of
conduction
convection
radiation
Answer and I will give you brainiliest
Answer: Conduction
Explanation: Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Conduction occurs more readily in solids and liquids, where the particles are closer to together, than in gases, where particles are further apart.
What is the cost per month to operate an A.C. 10hours per day whose power is 3kW and 1KWH cost 79francs
The cost of operation for an A.C for 10 hours per day for a month will be 71,100 francs.
What is Power?Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. The unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. Power is a scalar quantity.
Cost of operation for 10 hours a day;
Daily consumption = 3kW x 10 hours
Daily Consumption = 30kW
Since 1kWH = 79 francs;
Daily consumption amount = 30 x 79 francs
Daily consumption amount = 2,370 francs
Therefore, the monthly consumption (using 30days) will be;
2,370 francs x 30 = 71,100 francs
In conclusion, 71,100 francs will be spent in a month (30 days) to run the 3kW rated A.C for 10 hours a day at 1kWH.
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a car moving at 5 m/s accelerates at a rate of 10 m/s2 for 25 seconds. How far does it move during this time?
Answer:
t is time in s For example, a car accelerates in 5 s from 25 m/s to 3 5m/s. Its velocity changes by 35 - 25 = 10 m/s. Therefore its acceleration is 10 ÷ 5 = 2 m/s2
Explanation:
When a skater pulls her arms in, it
reduces her moment of inertia from
2.12 kg m² to 0.699 kg-m². If she was
initially spinning 3.25 rad/s, what is
her final angular velocity?
The skater's final angular velocity is approximately 9.86 rad/s.
The skater's final angular velocity can be calculated using the principle of conservation of angular momentum. The equation for angular momentum is given by:
L = Iω
where L is the angular momentum, I is the moment of inertia, and ω is the angular velocity.
Initially, the skater has an angular momentum of:
L_initial = I_initial * ω_initial
Substituting the given values:
L_initial = 2.12 kg m² * 3.25 rad/s
The skater's final angular momentum remains the same, as angular momentum is conserved:
L_final = L_initial
The final moment of inertia is given as 0.699 kg m². Therefore, the final angular velocity can be calculated as:
L_final = I_final * ω_final
0.699 kg m² * ω_final = 2.12 kg m² * 3.25 rad/s
Solving for ω_final:
ω_final = (2.12 kg m² * 3.25 rad/s) / 0.699 kg m²
Hence, the skater's final angular velocity is approximately 9.86 rad/s.
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What is the physical meaning of the slope for the relation between friction and normal force
ANSWER:
Coefficient of static friction
STEP-BY-STEP EXPLANATION:
We have that the force of friction is given by the coefficient of friction multiplied by the normal force, like this:
\(F_F=\mu F_N\)We know that an equation of a straight line the slope is expressed as follows:
\(\begin{gathered} y=mx \\ \text{ m is the slope } \end{gathered}\)Which means that the slope of the line between the relation of friction and normal force is the coefficient of static friction
Question 20 (4 points)
Listen
When a net horizontal force of 250 N acts on a 50-kg cart that is free to roll on a
level surface,
A) the cart accelerates at 9.8 m/s².
B)
the cart accelerates at 0.20 m/s².
C)
the cart accelerates at 5 m/s².
D)
the cart accelerates at 12500 m/s².
E)
the cart does not accelerate because it pushes back on the person with a
force of 250 N.
Explanation:
C is correct.
Newton second law states that force is directly proportional to acceleration with m being the constant of variation.
\(f _{net} = m(a)\)
So
\(250 = 50(a)\)
\(a = 5\)
A is wrong, the constant g only happens in free fall or in vertical direction
B and D are wrong due to the mathematical error or equation error
Which law of thermodynamics does each of the following scenarios violate (if any)?
A machine that can turn 1000J of heat directly into 1000J of electricity
1.
The first law of thermodynamics
2.
The second law of thermodynamics
3.
The third law of thermodynamics
4.
It is allowed
Answer: The scenario violates the second law of thermodynamics.
Explanation: The second law states that heat cannot be converted into work without some loss of usable energy, and that the amount of usable energy in a closed system will always decrease over time. Therefore, the machine described in the scenario cannot exist because it would violate the second law by converting all of the heat into electricity without any loss of usable energy.